A massive rock and ice avalanche caused the 2021 disaster at Chamoli, Indian Himalaya

被引：497

作者：

Shugar, D. H. ^{[1
]}

Jacquemart, M. ^{[2
,3
,4
]}

Shean, D. ^{[5
]}

Bhushan, S. ^{[5
]}

Upadhyay, K.

Sattar, A. ^{[6
]}

Schwanghart, W. ^{[7
]}

McBride, S. ^{[8
]}

de Vries, M. Van Wyk ^{[9
,10
]}

Mergili, M. ^{[11
,12
]}

Emmer, A. ^{[11
]}

Deschamps-Berger, C. ^{[13
]}

McDonnell, M. ^{[14
]}

Bhambri, R. ^{[15
]}

Allen, S. ^{[6
,16
]}

Berthier, E. ^{[17
]}

Carrivick, J. L. ^{[18
,19
]}

Clague, J. J. ^{[20
]}

Dokukin, M. ^{[21
]}

Dunning, S. A. ^{[22
]}

Frey, H. ^{[6
]}

Gascoin, S. ^{[13
]}

Haritashya, U. K. ^{[23
]}

Huggel, C. ^{[6
]}

Kaab, A. ^{[24
]}

Kargel, J. S. ^{[25
]}

Kavanaugh, J. L. ^{[26
]}

Lacroix, P. ^{[27
]}

Petley, D. ^{[28
]}

Rupper, S. ^{[14
]}

Azam, M. F. ^{[29
]}

Cook, S. J. ^{[30
,31
]}

Dimri, A. P. ^{[32
]}

Eriksson, M. ^{[33
]}

Farinotti, D. ^{[3
,4
]}

Fiddes, J. ^{[34
]}

Gnyawali, K. R. ^{[35
]}

Harrison, S. ^{[36
]}

Jha, M. ^{[37
]}

Koppes, M. ^{[38
]}

Kumar, A. ^{[39
]}

Leinss, S. ^{[40
,50
]}

Majeed, U. ^{[41
]}

Mal, S. ^{[42
]}

Muhuri, A. ^{[13
,43
]}

Noetzli, J. ^{[34
]}

Paul, F. ^{[6
]}

Rashid, I ^{[41
]}

Sain, K. ^{[39
]}

Steiner, J. ^{[44
,45
]}

机构：

[1] Univ Calgary, Dept Geosci, Water Sediment Hazards & Earth Surface Dynam Wate, Hazards, AB, Canada

[2] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA

[3] Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Lab Hydraul Hydrol & Glaciol VAW, Zurich, Switzerland

[4] Swiss Fed Inst Forest Snow & Landscape Res WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland

[5] Univ Washington, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA

[6] Univ Zurich, Dept Geog, Zurich, Switzerland

[7] Univ Potsdam, Inst Environm Sci & Geog, Potsdam, Germany

[8] US Geol Survey, Earthquake Sci Ctr, Moffett Field, CA USA

[9] Univ Minnesota, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Minneapolis, MN USA

[10] Univ Minnesota, St Anthony Falls Lab, Minneapolis, MN USA

[11] Karl Franzens Univ Graz, Inst Geog & Reg Sci, Graz, Austria

[12] Univ Nat Resources & Life Sci BOKU, Inst Appl Geol, Vienna, Austria

[13] Univ Toulouse, Ctr Etud Spatiales Biosphere CESBIO, CNES CNRS INRAE IRD, Toulouse, France

[14] Univ Utah, Dept Geog, Salt Lake City, UT USA

[15] Heidelberg Univ, South Asia Inst, Dept Geog, Heidelberg, Germany

[16] Univ Geneva, Inst Environm Sci, Geneva, Switzerland

[17] Univ Toulouse, Lab Etud Geophys & Oceanog Spatiales LEGOS, CNES CNRS IRD UPS, Toulouse, France

[18] Univ Leeds, Sch Geog, Leeds, W Yorkshire, England

[19] Univ Leeds, Water Leeds, Leeds, W Yorkshire, England

[20] Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Burnaby, BC, Canada

[21] High Mt Geophys Inst, Dept Nat Disasters, Nalchik, Russia

[22] Newcastle Univ, Sch Geog Polit & Sociol, Newcastle, NSW, Australia

[23] Univ Dayton, Dept Geol & Environm Geosci, Dayton, OH 45469 USA

[24] Univ Oslo, Dept Geosci, Oslo, Norway

[25] Planetary Sci Inst, Tucson, AZ USA

[26] Univ Alberta, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Edmonton, AB, Canada

[27] Univ Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, ISTerre, IRD, Grenoble, France

[28] Univ Sheffield, Dept Geog, Sheffield, S Yorkshire, England

[29] Indian Inst Technol Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India

[30] Univ Dundee, Dept Geog & Environm Sci, Dundee, Scotland

[31] Univ Dundee, United Nations Educ Sci & Cultural Org UNESCO Ctr, Dundee, Scotland

[32] Jawaharlal Nehru Univ, Sch Environm Sci, New Delhi, India

[33] Stockholm Int Water Inst, Stockholm, Sweden

[34] WSL Inst Snow & Avalanche Res SLF, Davos, Switzerland

[35] Univ British Columbia, Sch Engn, Kelowna, BC, Canada

[36] Univ Exeter, Coll Life & Environm Sci, Exeter, Penryn, England

[37] Natl Earthquake Monitoring & Res Ctr, Dept Mines & Geol, Kathmandu, Nepal

[38] Univ British Columbia, Dept Geog, Vancouver, BC, Canada

[39] Wadia Inst Himalayan Geol, Dehra Dun, Uttarakhand, India

[40] Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inst Environm Engn IfU, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland

[41] Univ Kashmir, Dept Geoinformat, Hazratbal Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India

[42] Univ Delhi, Shaheed Bhagat Singh Coll, Dept Geog, Delhi, India

[43] Heidelberg Univ, Inst Geog, Heidelberg, Germany

[44] Int Ctr Integrated Mt Dev, Kathmandu, Nepal

[45] Univ Utrecht, Dept Phys Geog, Utrecht, Netherlands

[46] Geoestudios, San Jose De Maipo, Chile

[47] Univ Chile, Dept Geol, Santiago, Chile

[48] Univ Leeds, Ctr Observat & Modelling Earthquakes Volcanoes &, Sch Earth & Environm, Leeds, W Yorkshire, England

[49] Northumbria Univ, Dept Geog & Environm Sci, Newcastle Upon Tyne, Tyne & Wear, England

[50] Univ Savoie Mt Blanc, Lab Informat Syst Traitement Informat & Connaissa, F-74940 Annecy, France

来源：

SCIENCE | 2021年 / 373卷 / 6552期

基金：

瑞士国家科学基金会; 加拿大自然科学与工程研究理事会; 英国自然环境研究理事会;

关键词：

GARHWAL HIMALAYA; CLIMATE-CHANGE; PERMAFROST; GLACIERS; VALLEY; GEOMORPHOLOGY; DEPOSITS; KUMAUN; VOLUME; LESSER;

D O I：

10.1126/science.abh4455

中图分类号：

O [数理科学和化学]; P [天文学、地球科学]; Q [生物科学]; N [自然科学总论];

学科分类号：

07 ; 0710 ; 09 ;

摘要：

On 7 February 2021, a catastrophic mass flow descended the Ronti Gad, Rishiganga, and Dhauliganga valleys in Chamoli, Uttarakhand, India, causing widespread devastation and severely damaging two hydropower projects. More than 200 people were killed or are missing. Our analysis of satellite imagery, seismic records, numerical model results, and eyewitness videos reveals that similar to 27 x 10(6) cubic meters of rock and glacier ice collapsed from the steep north face of Ronti Peak. The rock and ice avalanche rapidly transformed into an extraordinarily large and mobile debris flow that transported boulders greater than 20 meters in diameter and scoured the valley walls up to 220 meters above the valley floor. The intersection of the hazard cascade with down-valley infrastructure resulted in a disaster, which highlights key questions about adequate monitoring and sustainable development in the Himalaya as well as other remote, high-mountain environments.

引用

页码：300 / +

页数：55

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