Prime display offset modulates negative priming only for easy-selection tasks

Responses to probe targets that have been distractors in a prime display are slower than responses to new targets, a finding called negative priming (NP). The selective attention model, which attributes NP to lingering inhibition of the prime distractor, predicts that NP should occur only when the prime display has disappeared before the probe display is processed. The present study tested this prediction both in easy- and in difficult-selection tasks. In Experiments 1, 2, and 3A, target selection was easy, and NP was observed only after prime display offset, regardless of whether offset was manipulated between or within participants. In Experiment 313, target selection was difficult, and NP was found with and without prime display offset. Experiment 4 replicated the finding of NP without prime display offset in a difficult-selection task. A modified version of the selective attention model can explain the results of the present study. However, we also discuss the results in light of episodic retrieval theory and temporal discrimination theory.