Novel and next-generation androgen receptor-directed therapies for prostate cancer: Beyond abiraterone and enzalutamide

The approval of abiraterone and enzalutamide for the treatment of advanced castration-resistant prostate cancer heralded a paradigm shift in the management of this disease. Nevertheless, new and improved treatments are needed since the disease remains incurable for the majority of these patients. In this article, we review the biology of castration-resistant disease as well as emerging therapeutic compounds directed at the androgen receptor, including galeterone, VT-464, ARN-509, and ODM-201. Mechanisms of action, early clinical data, and ongoing clinical studies for these compounds are all reviewed. The need to find optimal sequencing and combination strategies as well as the need for predictive biomarkers of response to these agents is discussed. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.