A new acellular vascular prosthesis as a scaffold for host tissue regeneration

Objective: In situ tissue engineering using acellular xenografts is a new approach to autologous tissue regeneration. In the present study, we analyzed a new regeneration scaffold comprised of xenogenic acellular vessels in a dog model. Design of study and Results: Xenogenic vascular conduits of porcine carotid arteries were acellularized by a 48-hour detergent incubation to extract all the cell components of the graft. The acellularisation procedure resulted in a complete removal of all cells. After this procedure, heparinization was performed sequentially to induce antithrombogenicity in the graft. The burst pressure of the graft was tested. The bursting pressure of the fresh vessels was 2.83 +/- 0.56 x 10(3) mmHg (377 +/- 75kPa, n=6). After detergent treatment, the bursting pressure of the grafts was 2.50 +/- 0.48 x 10(3) mmHg (334 +/- 63 kPa, n=6); after heparinization, it was 3.44. +/- 0.38 +/- 10(3) mmHg (459 +/- 51 kPa, n=5). In vivo function was tested in a dog model by transplantation to the abdominal artery. By 18 weeks, endothelial cells were aligned as in normal, healthy artery over the surface of the entire graft. Fibroblasts and macrophages had infiltrated the graft from both inside and outside. The neointima contained normal layers of smooth muscle cells, which were identified by anti alpha-smooth muscle fiber antigen staining. Conclusions: The acellular heparinized xenograft has sufficient mechanical properties and was successfully replaced with host tissue, and is thus a promising new type of vascular prosthesis.