A dynamic association between myosteatosis and liver stiffness: Results from a prospective interventional study in obese patients

Background & Aims: Retrospective cross-sectional studies linked sarcopenia and myosteatosis with metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). Here, we wanted to clarify the dynamic relationship between sarcopenia, myosteatosis, and MAFLD. Methods: A cohort of 48 obese patients was randomised for a dietary intervention consisting of 16 g/day of inulin (prebiotic) or maltodextrin (placebo) supplementation. Before and after the intervention, we evaluated liver steatosis and stiffness with transient elastography (TE); we assessed skeletal muscle index (SMI) and skeletal muscle fat index (SMFI) (a surrogate for absolute fat content in muscle) using computed tomography (CT) and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Results: At baseline, sarcopenia was uncommon in patients with MAFLD (4/48, 8.3%). SMFI was higher in patients with high liver stiffness than in those with low liver stiffness (640.6 +/- 114.3 cm2/ Hounsfield unit [HU] vs. 507.9 +/- 103.0 cm2/HU, p = 0.001). In multivariate analysis, SMFI was robustly associated with liver stiffness even when adjusted for multiple confounders (binary logistic regression, p <0.05). After intervention, patients with inulin supplementation lost weight, but this was not associated with a decrease in liver stiffness. Remarkably, upon intervention (being inulin or maltodextrin), patients who lowered their SMFI, but not those who increased SMI, had a 12.7% decrease in liver stiffness (before = 6.36 +/- 2.15 vs. after = 5.55 +/- 1.97 kPa, p = 0.04). Conclusions: Myosteatosis, but not sarcopenia, is strongly and independently associated with liver stiffness in obese patients with MAFLD. After intervention, patients in which the degree of myosteatosis decreased reduced their liver stiffness, irrespective of body weight loss or prebiotic treatment. The potential contribution of myosteatosis to liver disease progression should be investigated. Clinical Trials registration number: NCT03852069. Lay summary: The fat content in skeletal muscles (or myosteatosis) is strongly associated with liver stiffness in obese patients with MAFLD. After a dietary intervention, patients in which the degree of myosteatosis decreased also reduced their liver stiffness. The potential contribution of myosteatosis to liver disease progression should be investigated. (C) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL).