Benzochromenones from the marine crinoid Comantheria rotula inhibit hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) in cell-based reporter assays and differentially suppress the growth of certain tumor cell lines

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is a transcription factor that promotes tumor cell adaptation and survival under hypoxic conditions. HIF-1 is currently recognized as an important molecular target for anticancer drug discovery. The National Cancer Institute open repository of marine invertebrates and algae lipid extracts was evaluated using a T47D breast tumor cell-based reporter assay for HIF-1 inhibitory activity. Bioassay-guided fractionation of an active extract from a crinoid Comantheria rotula yielded seven benzo[g]chromen-4-one and benzo[h]chromen-4-one pigments (1-7). The structures of the new benzo[g]chromenone dimer 9,9'-oxybis-neocomantherin (1) and another new natural pigment 5 were deduced from spectroscopic and spectrometric data. The crinoid pigments significantly inhibited both hypoxia-induced andiron chelator-induced HIF-1 luciferase reporter activity in breast and prostate tumor cells. However, inhibition of HIF-1 in the reporter assay did not translate into a significant decrease in the expression of the downstream HIF-1 target, secreted vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Compound I was found to inhibit tumor cell growth in the NCI 60-cell line panel (GI(50) values of 1.6-18.2 mu M), and compound 6 produced a unique pattern of tumor cell growth suppression. Five cell lines from different organs were hypersensitive to 6 (GI(50) values of 0.29-0.62 mu M), and three others were moderately sensitive (GI(50) values of 2.2-5.1 mu M), while the GI(50) values for most other cell lines ranged from 20 to 47 mu M. Crinoid benzo[g]chromenones were also found to scavenge radicals in a modified DPPH assay.