Transgender Status, Gender Identity, and Socioeconomic Outcomes in the United States

被引:108
作者
Carpenter, Christopher S. [1 ]
Eppink, Samuel T. [2 ,3 ]
Gonzales, Gilbert [4 ]
机构
[1] Vanderbilt Univ, Econ, 221 Kirkland Hall, Nashville, TN 37235 USA
[2] Vanderbilt Univ, 221 Kirkland Hall, Nashville, TN 37235 USA
[3] Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA
[4] Vanderbilt Univ, Ctr Med Hlth & Soc, 221 Kirkland Hall, Nashville, TN 37235 USA
关键词
transgender status; gender identity; socioeconomic outcomes; SEXUAL ORIENTATION; HEALTH; SAMPLE; GAY;
D O I
10.1177/0019793920902776
中图分类号
F24 [劳动经济];
学科分类号
020106 ; 020207 ; 1202 ; 120202 ;
摘要
This article provides the first large-scale evidence on transgender status, gender identity, and socioeconomic outcomes in the United States, using representative data from 35 states in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), which asked identical questions about transgender status and gender identity during at least one year from 2014 to 2017. More than 2,100 respondents, aged 18 to 64 years, identified as transgender. Individuals who identify as transgender are significantly less likely to be college educated and less likely to identify as heterosexual than are individuals who do not identify as transgender. Controlling for these and other observed characteristics, transgender individuals have significantly lower employment rates, lower household incomes, higher poverty rates, and worse self-rated health compared to otherwise similar men who are not transgender.
引用
收藏
页码:573 / 599
页数:27
相关论文
共 25 条
[1]   Economics and identity [J].
Akerlof, GA ;
Kranton, RE .
QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS, 2000, 115 (03) :715-753
[2]  
[Anonymous], 2015, PAYING UNF PRIC FIN
[3]   THE WAGE EFFECTS OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION DISCRIMINATION [J].
BADGETT, MVL .
INDUSTRIAL & LABOR RELATIONS REVIEW, 1995, 48 (04) :726-739
[4]  
Bitler MP, 2005, J HUM RESOUR, V40, P309
[5]  
Blackwell Matthew, 2010, WORKING PAPER
[6]  
Burwick Andrew, 2014, OPRE Report Number 2014-79
[7]  
Carpenter C, 2008, DEMOGRAPHY, V45, P573
[8]   Does It Get Better? Recent Estimates of Sexual Orientation and Earnings in the United States [J].
Carpenter, Christopher S. ;
Eppink, Samuel T. .
SOUTHERN ECONOMIC JOURNAL, 2017, 84 (02) :426-441
[9]  
Cerf Harris Benjamin, 2015, CARRA WORKING PAPER, V2015-03
[10]   The Size of the LGBT Population and the Magnitude of Antigay Sentiment Are Substantially Underestimated [J].
Coffman, Katherine B. ;
Coffman, Lucas C. ;
Ericson, Keith M. Marzilli .
MANAGEMENT SCIENCE, 2017, 63 (10) :3168-3186