Artificial intelligence as a service: Legal responsibilities, liabilities, and policy challenges

A B S T R A C T Artificial Intelligence as a Service ('AIaaS') will play a growing role in society's technological infrastructure, enabling, facilitating, and underpinning functionality in many applications. AIaaS providers therefore hold significant power at this infrastructural level. We assess providers' position in EU law, focusing on assignment of controllership for AIaaS processing chains in data protection law and the availability to providers of protection from liability for customers' illegal use of AIaaS. We argue that in data protection law, according to current practice, providers are often joint controllers with customers for aspects of the AIaaS processing chain. We further argue that providers lack protection from liability for customers' illegal activity. More fundamentally, we conclude that the role of providers in customer's application functionality -as well as the significant power asymmetries between providers and customers -challenges traditional understandings of roles and responsibilities in these complex, networked, dynamic processing environments. Finally, we set out some relevant issues for future regulation of AIaaS. In all, AIaaS requires attention from academics, policymakers, and regulators alike. (c) 2021 Jennifer Cobbe and Jatinder Singh. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.