Progression of optic atrophy in traumatic optic neuropathy: retrograde neuronal degeneration in humans

Objective We used optical coherence tomography (OCT) to document the time course of retrograde neuronal degeneration following indirect optic nerve injury. Methods We retrospectively studied patients diagnosed with unilateral indirect traumatic optic neuropathy (TON). Patients with total or near-total optic atrophy were included. All patients underwent complete ophthalmological examinations, including OCT imaging, within 1 day and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, and 48 weeks after trauma. Results The mean thicknesses of the circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (cpRNFL) and macular retinal ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (mGCIPL) decreased significantly at 2 weeks after trauma (p = 0.027 and p = 0.043). Changes in mGCIPL thickness preceded changes in cpRNFL thickness. The rates of reduction in mGCIPL and cpRNFL thicknesses were greatest between 2 to 4 weeks and 4 to 6 weeks after trauma. The reduction in mGCIPL thickness then slowed, and stabilized at 12 weeks after trauma. The proportions of cpRNFL and mGCIPL losses at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks compared to 24 weeks were 17.1, 33.7, 59.8, 77.9, and 87.9% and 30.0, 73.3, 76.1, 88.3, and 97.9%, respectively. Conclusions OCT revealed optic atrophy progression 2 weeks after trauma, which was most rapid from 2 to 6 weeks, and then gradually stabilized. Loss of retinal ganglion cell bodies and dendrites seemed to precede the axonal degeneration. Observations of morphological changes in retinal layers using OCT in TON patients improve our understanding of retrograde neuronal degeneration of the central nervous system.