Effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and β-cyclodextrin polymer on physicochemical, antimicrobial, and antibiofilm properties of a novel chitosan-camphor polymer

In this paper, chitosan (Chi) was successfully reacted with natural mono ketone namely, camphor (Cam), through a condensation reaction to obtain a novel Chi-Cam polymer. The encapsulation of Chi-Cam polymer into the cavity of beta-cyclodextrin biopolymer by inclusion complex method, and the immobilization of TiO2 NPs into Chi -Cam matrix by metal complex method were performed. A set of characterizations (XRD, FTIR, SEM, UV-Vis., optical band gap, Urbach energy, refractive index, and thermogravimetric analysis) were implemented to incorporate their properties with applications. It was not observed the existence of any strange peaks in dif-fractogram patterns of all prepared samples, confirming the proper preparation and high purity polymers. The crystalline index was found to be 69.41, 41.58, 58.25 and 44.2 % for Chi, Chi-Cam, polyrotaxane, and nano -composite, respectively. High surface area, lowest pores size, and lowest pores volume were confirmed the micropores of composite, which also could provide more reactive sites, and enhancing the bioactivity. The tested Chi-Cam/TiO2 NPs possessed the highest antimicrobial impact, followed by the Chi-Cam/beta-CD towards patho-genic microbes. The highest % inhibition of biofilm formation by Chi-Cam, Chi-Cam/beta-CD, and Chi-Cam/TiO2 NPs was noted for S. aureus (40.05 %, 80.21 %, and 87.49 %), E. coli (38.56 %, 74.32 % and 83.32 %), P. aureginosa (32.12 %, 58.80 %, and 74.53 %), and C. albicans (13.69 %, 27.89 % and 70.89 %), respectively. The obtaining findings pave the route towards useful utilization of potential materials for biomedical applications.