Background: The PANSS (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale) is one of the most important rating instruments for patients with schizophrenia. Nevertheless, there is a long and ongoing debate in the psychiatric community regarding its mathematical properties. All 30 items range from 1 to 7 leading to a minimum total score of 30, implying that the PANSS is an interval scale. For such interval scales straightforward calculation of relative changes is not appropriate. To calculate outcome criteria based on a percent change as, e.g., the widely accepted response criterion, the scale has to be transformed into a ratio scale beforehand. Recent publications have already pointed out the pitfall that ignoring the scale level (interval vs. ratio scale) leads to a set of mathematical problems, potentially resulting in erroneous results concerning the efficacy of the treatment. Methods: A Pubmed search based on the PRISMA statement of the highest-ranked psychiatric journals (search terms "PANSS" and "response") was carried out. All articles containing percent changes were included and methods of percent change calculation were analysed. Results: This systematic literature research shows that the majority of authors (62%) actually appear to use incorrect calculations. In most instances the method of calculation was not described in the manuscript. Conclusions: These alarming results underline the need for standardized procedures for PANSS calculations.
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Univ Zagreb, Ctr Hosp, Inst Clin, Lab Diag, Zagreb 10000, CroatiaUniv Zagreb, Ctr Hosp, Inst Clin, Lab Diag, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
Bozina, Nada
Kuzman, Martina Roinic
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Univ Zagreb, Ctr Hosp, Dept Psychiat, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
Univ Zagreb, Sch Med, Zagreb 10000, CroatiaUniv Zagreb, Ctr Hosp, Inst Clin, Lab Diag, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
Kuzman, Martina Roinic
Medved, Vesna
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Univ Zagreb, Ctr Hosp, Dept Psychiat, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
Univ Zagreb, Sch Med, Zagreb 10000, CroatiaUniv Zagreb, Ctr Hosp, Inst Clin, Lab Diag, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
Medved, Vesna
Jovanovic, Nikolina
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Univ Zagreb, Ctr Hosp, Dept Psychiat, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
Univ Zagreb, Sch Med, Zagreb 10000, CroatiaUniv Zagreb, Ctr Hosp, Inst Clin, Lab Diag, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
Jovanovic, Nikolina
Sertic, Jadranka
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Univ Zagreb, Ctr Hosp, Inst Clin, Lab Diag, Zagreb 10000, CroatiaUniv Zagreb, Ctr Hosp, Inst Clin, Lab Diag, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
Sertic, Jadranka
Hotujac, Ljubomir
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Univ Zagreb, Ctr Hosp, Dept Psychiat, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
Univ Zagreb, Sch Med, Zagreb 10000, CroatiaUniv Zagreb, Ctr Hosp, Inst Clin, Lab Diag, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
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Univ N Carolina, Dept Genet, Chapel Hill, NC USAVanderbilt Univ, Dept Pharmacol, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
Skelly, Tara
Stroup, T. Scott
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Univ N Carolina, Dept Psychiat, Chapel Hill, NC USAVanderbilt Univ, Dept Pharmacol, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
Stroup, T. Scott
Lieberman, Jeffrey
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Columbia Univ, Dept Psychiat, New York, NY USAVanderbilt Univ, Dept Pharmacol, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
Lieberman, Jeffrey
Levitt, Pat
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Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Pharmacol, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
Vanderbilt Univ, Vanderbilt Kennedy Ctr Res Human Dev, Nashville, TN 37232 USAVanderbilt Univ, Dept Pharmacol, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
Levitt, Pat
Sullivan, Patrick F.
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Univ N Carolina, Dept Genet, Chapel Hill, NC USA
Karolinska Inst, Dept Med Epidemiol & Biostat, Stockholm, SwedenVanderbilt Univ, Dept Pharmacol, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
机构:
Univ Zagreb, Ctr Hosp, Inst Clin, Lab Diag, Zagreb 10000, CroatiaUniv Zagreb, Ctr Hosp, Inst Clin, Lab Diag, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
Bozina, Nada
Kuzman, Martina Roinic
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Zagreb, Ctr Hosp, Dept Psychiat, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
Univ Zagreb, Sch Med, Zagreb 10000, CroatiaUniv Zagreb, Ctr Hosp, Inst Clin, Lab Diag, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
Kuzman, Martina Roinic
Medved, Vesna
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h-index: 0
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Univ Zagreb, Ctr Hosp, Dept Psychiat, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
Univ Zagreb, Sch Med, Zagreb 10000, CroatiaUniv Zagreb, Ctr Hosp, Inst Clin, Lab Diag, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
Medved, Vesna
Jovanovic, Nikolina
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h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Zagreb, Ctr Hosp, Dept Psychiat, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
Univ Zagreb, Sch Med, Zagreb 10000, CroatiaUniv Zagreb, Ctr Hosp, Inst Clin, Lab Diag, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
Jovanovic, Nikolina
Sertic, Jadranka
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h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Zagreb, Ctr Hosp, Inst Clin, Lab Diag, Zagreb 10000, CroatiaUniv Zagreb, Ctr Hosp, Inst Clin, Lab Diag, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
Sertic, Jadranka
Hotujac, Ljubomir
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Zagreb, Ctr Hosp, Dept Psychiat, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
Univ Zagreb, Sch Med, Zagreb 10000, CroatiaUniv Zagreb, Ctr Hosp, Inst Clin, Lab Diag, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
机构:
Univ N Carolina, Dept Genet, Chapel Hill, NC USAVanderbilt Univ, Dept Pharmacol, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
Skelly, Tara
Stroup, T. Scott
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ N Carolina, Dept Psychiat, Chapel Hill, NC USAVanderbilt Univ, Dept Pharmacol, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
Stroup, T. Scott
Lieberman, Jeffrey
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Columbia Univ, Dept Psychiat, New York, NY USAVanderbilt Univ, Dept Pharmacol, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
Lieberman, Jeffrey
Levitt, Pat
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h-index: 0
机构:
Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Pharmacol, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
Vanderbilt Univ, Vanderbilt Kennedy Ctr Res Human Dev, Nashville, TN 37232 USAVanderbilt Univ, Dept Pharmacol, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
Levitt, Pat
Sullivan, Patrick F.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ N Carolina, Dept Genet, Chapel Hill, NC USA
Karolinska Inst, Dept Med Epidemiol & Biostat, Stockholm, SwedenVanderbilt Univ, Dept Pharmacol, Nashville, TN 37232 USA