Three-dimensional smoothed-particle hydrodynamics simulation of deformation characteristics in slope failure

This paper presents the development, validation and application of a smoothed-particle hydrodynamics model for three-dimensional (3D) simulation of the evolution of large deformation failure in geomaterials. The Drucker-Prager model with non-associated plastic flow rules is implemented into the smoothed-particle hydrodynamics formulations to describe elasto-plastic soil behaviour. Two typical numerical examples - a two-dimensional (2D) analysis of cohesive slope instability and a 3D simulation for instant collapse of a granular slope - are shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method for modelling large deformation of slope failure. Good agreement with experimental observations and previous simulated results is obtained in terms of the profile and internal deformation, respectively. The method is then applied to two special 3D slopes with different geometric configurations, including a curving slope surface and a slope that turns corners. The results suggest that 3D effects should be considered for natural landslides. By influencing the stress status, slope geometries have a significant effect on the final profile, slip surface and distance. The results provide a more accurate and detailed reference for landslide evaluation and foundation ditch design.