C-Jun NH2-Terminal Kinase Contributes to Dexmedetomidine-Induced Contraction in Isolated Rat Aortic Smooth Muscle

Purpose: Dexmedetomidine, a full agonist of alpha(2B)-adrenoceptors, is used for analgesia and sedation in the intensive care units. Dexmedetomidine produces an initial transient hypertension due to the activation of post-junctional alpha(2B)-adrenoceptors on vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). The aims of this in vitro study were to identify mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) isoforms that are primarily involved in full, alpha(2B)-adrenoceptor agonist, dexmedetomidine-induced contraction of isolated rat aortic SMCs. Materials and Methods: Rat thoracic aortic rings without endothelium were isolated and suspended for isometric tension recording. Cumulative dexmedetomidine (10(-9) to 10(-6) M) dose-response curves were generated in the presence or absence of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERIC) inhibitor PD 98059, p38 MAPK inhibitor SB 203580, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor SP 600125, L-type calcium channel blocker (verapamil and nifedipine), and alpha(2)-adrenoceptor inhibitor atipamezole. Dexmedetomidine-induced phosphorylation of ERIC, JNK, and p38 MAPK in rat aortic SMCs was detected using Western blotting. Results: SP 600125 (10(-6) to 10(-5) M) attenuated dexmedetomidine-evoked contraction in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas PD 98059 had no effect on dexmedetomidine-induced contraction. SB 203580 (10(-5) M) attenuated dexmedetomidine-induced contraction. Dexmedetomidine-evoked contractions were both abolished by atipamezole and attenuated by verapamil and nifedipine. Dexmedetomidine induced phosphorylation of JNK and p38 MAPK in rat aortic SMCs, but did not induce phosphorylation of ERIC. Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine-induced contraction involves a JNK- and p38 MAPK-mediated pathway downstream of alpha(2)-adrenoceptor stimulation in rat aortic SMCs. In addition, dexmedetomidine-induced contractions are primarily dependent on calcium influx via L-type calcium channels.