Thermodynamically self-organized hole transport layers for high-efficiency inverted-planar perovskite solar cells

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS) is a popular and promising hole transport material for making efficient inverted-planar perovskite solar cells (IP-PSCs). However, the mismatch between the work function of conventional PEDOT: PSS and the valence band maximum of perovskite materials is still a challenge for efficient hole extraction. Here, we report systematic studies on the work-function modification and thermodynamic morphological evolution of PEDOT: PSS films by tuning the PSS/PEDOT ratio, along with its effects on the photovoltaic responses of IP-PSCs. We found that the open-circuit voltage (V-OC) of an IP-PSC could be enhanced by controlling the work function of PEDOT: PSS. Furthermore, the optical transmittance of the PEDOT: PSS film could be maximized by controlling the morphological evolution, which will further increase the short-circuit current density (J(SC)) of the IP-PSC. The V-OC and J(SC) of the IP-PSC with the optimized PEDOT: PSS composition increased from 0.88 to 0.93 V and from 17.11 to 20.77 mA cm(-2), respectively, compared with an IP-PSC containing commercial PEDOT: PSS, which results in a power conversion energy that is greatly improved from 12.39 to 15.24%.