Redox state of low-molecular-weight thiols and disulphides during somatic embryogenesis of salt-treated suspension cultures of Dactylis glomerata L.

The tripeptide antioxidant gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine, or glutathione (GSH), serves a central role in ROS scavenging and oxidative signalling. Here, GSH, glutathione disulphide (GSSG), and other low-molecular-weight (LMW) thiols and their corresponding disulphides were studied in embryogenic suspension cultures of Dactylis glomerata L. subjected to moderate (0.085 M NaCl) or severe (0.17 M NaCl) salt stress. Total glutathione (GSH + GSSG) concentrations and redox state were associated with growth and development in control cultures and in moderately salt-stressed cultures and were affected by severe salt stress. The redox state of the cystine (CySS)/2 cysteine (Cys) redox couple was also affected by developmental stage and salt stress. The glutathione half-cell reduction potential (E-GSSG/2 GSH) increased with the duration of culturing and peaked when somatic embryos were formed, as did the half-cell reduction potential of the CySS/2 Cys redox couple (E-CySS/2 Cys). The most noticeable relationship between cellular redox state and developmental state was found when all LMW thiols and disulphides present were mathematically combined into a 'thiol-disulphide redox environment' (Ethiol-disulphide), whereby reducing conditions accompanied proliferation, resulting in the formation of pro-embryogenic masses (PEMs), and oxidizing conditions accompanied differentiation, resulting in the formation of somatic embryos. The comparatively high contribution of E-CySS/2 Cys to Ethiol-disulphide in cultures exposed to severe salt stress suggests that Cys and CySS may be important intracellular redox regulators with a potential role in stress signalling.