Antiviral activity of basidiomycetous fungi against Groundnut bud necrosis virus in tomato

Tomato is an important vegetable crop which is severely affected by Groundnut bud necrosis virus (GBNV). Until now effective antiviral agents have not been reported for the management of necrosis disease caused by GBNV. Therefore, a study was undertaken to manage the necrosis disease caused by GBNV using culture filtrate of basidiomycetous fungi viz., Coprinopsis cinerea, Ganoderma lucidum and Lentinula edodes. In vitro studies were conducted in the indicator host cowpea and primary host tomato in glasshouse under insect proof condition; co-inoculation spraying of culture filtrate of Ganoderma lucidum at 0.1% concentration reduced the lesion numbers and inhibited the virus population build-up when compared to inoculated control in the indicator host cowpea upto 77.83%. DAC-ELISA test was performed to quantify the virus titre, indicated reduced virus titre in co-inoculation spray of culture filtrate of G. lucidum treated cowpea with OD value 0.17 +/- 0.01 at 405 nm and in tomato plants 0.14 +/- 0.01 respectively. The viral copy numbers were quantified by qPCR. About 2.0 x 10(1) viral copy numbers were observed in tomato plants treated with G. lucidum (co-inoculation) which was lesser than untreated inoculated control plants (2.4 x 10(8)). In order to identify the antiviral properties of G. lucidum, GCMS analysis was carried out and we found the triterpenoid compound Squalene. This is the first study to analyse and confirm the antiviral activity of G. lucidum against a plant virus.