Thermally stable nanoclay and functionalized graphene oxide integrated SPEEK nanocomposite membranes for direct methanol fuel cell application

Membrane-based fuel cells, particularly methanol-based fuel cells, are thriving areas with high efficiency, less material consumption, and low emission of pollutants. But commercial membranes have less thermal with-standing ability and high cost, so alternative polymeric membranes have been developed with desired properties to overcome this issue. The SPEEK membrane was fabricated with halloysite nanoclay and functionalized graphene oxide (f-GO) nanocomposites at various concentrations via dry phase inversion. The sulfonic acid group in the SPEEK and silane functionalization of GO enhanced the Ion exchange capacity from 0.22 to 0.35 meq/g which enhances the proton conductivity. Furthermore, the thermal stability and hydrophilicity of the pristine SPEEK membrane were reformed with addition of halloysite nanoclay and f-GO in SPEEK membrane. The presence of nanocomposite on the surface of the SPEEK membranes was confirmed via scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. The 3 wt% halloysite nanoclay and 2 wt% of f-GO composite membrane was hold the 0.47 mS cm(-1) of proton conductivity and 72.2 mW cm(-2) of power density, whereas pristine SPEEK membrane was 0.31 mS cm(-1) and 28 mW cm(-2), respectively. The 3 wt% halloysite incorporated SPEEK membrane and 1.5 wt% f-GO incorporated SPEEK membrane was shown better proton conductivity, which act as a prominent membrane for direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) applications.