TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN signaling plays a role in Arabidopsis growth promotion by Azospirillum brasilense Sp245

Azospirillum brasilense colonizes plant roots and improves productivity, but the molecular mechanisms behind its phytostimulation properties remain mostly unknown. Here, we uncover an important role of TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (TOR) signaling on the response of Arabidopsis thaliana to A. brasilense Sp245. The effect of the bacterium on TOR expression was analyzed in the transgenic line TOR/tor-1, which carries a translational fusion with the GUS reporter protein, and the activity of TOR was assayed thought the phosphorylation of its downstream signaling target S6K protein. Besides, the role of TOR on plant growth in inoculated plants was assessed using the ATP-competitive inhibitor AZD-8055. A decrease in growth of the primary root correlates with an improved branching and absorptive capacity via lateral root and root hair proliferation 6 days after transplant to different concentrations of the bacterium (10(3) or 10(5) CFU/mL). Bacterization increased the expression of TOR in shoot and root apexes and promoted phosphorylation of S6K 3 days after transplant. The TOR inhibitor AZD8055 (1 NM) inhibited plant growth and cell division in root meristems and in lateral root primordia, interfering with the phytostimulation by A. brasilense. In addition, the role of auxin produced by the bacterium to stimulate TOR expression was explored. Noteworthy, the A. brasilense mutant FAJ009, impaired in auxin production, was unable to elicit TOR signaling to the level observed for the wild-type strain, showing the importance of this phyhormone to stimulate TOR signaling. Together, our findings establish an important role of TOR signaling for the probiotic traits elicited by A. brasilense in A. thaliana.