Technology transfer: Diffusion or translation?

There can be little doubt that over the last three decades diffusion theory has had a major impact on a large number of disciplines. However diffusion theory is but one way of thinking about 'technology transfer', and here we present an alternative view - namely the notion of translation embodied in actor-network theory (ANT). We believe ANT offers ways of thinking about transfer problems that diffusion metaphors fail to adequately address. Using a retrospective analysis of a case study. we examine and contrast key concepts of these two approaches to technology transfer.