Commissioning of a 4D MRI phantom for use in MR-guided radiotherapy

Purpose Systems for integrated magnetic resonance guided radiation therapy (MRgRT) provide real-time and online MRI guidance for unequaled targeting performance of moving tumors and organs at risk. The clinical introduction of such systems requires dedicated methods for commissioning and routine machine quality assurance (QA). The aim of the study was to develop a commissioning protocol and method for automatic quantification of target motion and geometric accuracy using a 4D MRI motion phantom. Materials and methods The commissioning was performed on a clinically used 3 T MR scanner. The phantom was positioned on a flat tabletop overlay using an in-house constructed base plate for a quick and reproducible setup. The torso-shaped phantom body, which was filled with mineral oil as signal generating medium, included a 3D grid structure for image distortion analysis and a cylindrical thru-hole in which a software-controlled moving rod with a hypo-intense background gel and a decentralized hyper-intense target simulated 3D organ motion patterns. To allow for sequence optimization, MR relaxometry was performed to determine the longitudinal T-1 and transverse T-2 relaxation times of both target and background gel in the movable cylinder. The geometric image distortion was determined as the mean and maximum 3D Euclidean distance (Delta(mean), Delta(max)) of grid points determined by nonrigid registration of a 3D spoiled gradient echo MRI scan and a CT scan. Sinusoidal 1D/2D/3D motion trajectories, varying in amplitude and frequency, as well as an exemplary 1D MR navigator diaphragm motion pattern extracted from a healthy volunteer scan, were scanned by means of 2D cine MRI and 4D MRI. Target positions were automatically extracted from 2D cine MRI using an in-house developed software tool. Results The base plate enabled a reproducible setup with a deviation of <1 mm in all directions. Relaxometry yielded T-1/T-2 values for target and background gel of 208.1 +/- 2.8/30.5 +/- 4.7 ms and 871 +/- 36/13.4 +/- 1.3 ms, respectively. The 3D geometric image distortion increased with distance from the magnetic isocenter, with Delta(mean) = 0.58 +/- 0.30 mm and Delta(max) = 1.31 mm. The frequencies of the reconstructed motion patterns agreed with the preset values within 0.5%, whereas the reconstructed amplitudes showed a maximum deviation to the preset amplitudes of Conclusion A method and protocol for commissioning of a 4D MRI motion phantom on a 3 T MR scanner for MRgRT was developed. High-contrast and geometrically reliable 2D cine MR images of the phantom's moving target could be obtained. The preset motion parameters could be extracted with sufficient spatio-temporal accuracy from 2D cine MRI in all motion directions. The overall 3D geometric image distortion of