Cost-optimal energy management strategy for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles with variable horizon speed prediction and adaptive state-of-charge reference

In this paper, an energy management strategy (EMS) based on model predictive control (MPC) is proposed to minimize fuel cost, electricity usage and battery ageing. To fulfil the MPC framework, a novel speed predictor with a variable horizon based on a K-means algorithm and a radius basis function neural network, which contains various predictive submodels, is designed to cope with different input drive states. In addition, a Q-learning algorithm is applied to construct an adaptive multimode state-of-charge (SOC) reference generator, which takes advantage of velocity forecasts for each prediction horizon. The algorithm fully considers the model nonlinearities and physical constraints and requires less computational effort. Based on the SOC reference and predictive velocity, the MPC problem is formulated to coordinate fuel consumption and battery degradation. Moreover, considering the influence of real-time traffic information, a traffic model that simulates actual road conditions is constructed in VISSIM to evaluate the performance of the proposed EMS. The simulation results show that the proposed speed predictor can effectively improve the predictive accuracy, and the multimode control laws based on drive condition classification present superior adaptability in SOC reference generation compared to single mode law. With the aforementioned two improvements, the proposed EMS achieves desirable performance in fuel economy and battery lifetime extension. (c) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.