Two-layer robust optimization framework for resilience enhancement of microgrids considering hydrogen and electrical energy storage systems

This paper presents a two-layer framework for improving the resilience of a 118-bus active distribution network consisting of four microgrids, which includes hybrid storage systems, electric buses (EBs), and the direct load control (DLC) program. In the proposed model, the uncertainties of RESs generation, demand, and EBs' mobility are considered, and the robust optimization approach is used to tackle them. In the first layer, the planning of each microgrid is done separately and the energy purchase/sale request is sent to the control center. Then in the second layer, the control center performs the planning of the main network according to the requested program of the microgrids. Note that in this layer, the control center is able to rearrange the distribution feeder and send EBs to vital points of the network. Finally, the validity of the proposed model is evaluated through the imple-mentation on seven case studies and the results show that the presence of hydrogen and electrical storage devices reduces forced load shedding (FLS) by 45.03% and 12.19%, respectively, during emergency situations. In addition, the results indicate that robust planning and the use of EBs for network recovery increase the resilience index by 3.35% and 3.98%, respectively.Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC.