The role of biochar particle size and hydrophobicity in improving soil hydraulic properties

The physical properties of biochar have been shown to dramatically influence its performance as a soil amendment. This study assessed the role of biochar particle size and hydrophobicity in controlling soil water movement and retention. Softwood pellet biochar in five particle size ranges (>2 mm, 2-0.5 mm, 0.5-0.25 mm, 0.25-0.063 mm and <0.063 mm) was used for the experiment. These particle sizes were tested on two soil types (sandy loam and loamy sand) at four different application rates (1, 2, 4 and 8%) in the laboratory. Soil water suction at wet range and dry range were measured using the Hyprop and WP4-T, respectively. From this, the moisture content at field capacity (theta(fc)), permanent wilting point (theta(pwp)) and plant available water (theta(awc)), were determined. Saturated hydraulic conductivity (K-sat) was measured using the KSAT device and biochar hydrophobicity was determined using the ethanol drop test method. Our results showed that biochar hydrophobicity increased with decreasing biochar particle size, leading to a reduction in its water retention capacity. The highest theta(fc) (0.087 cm(-3) cm(-3)) and theta(awc) (0.064 cm(-3) cm(-3)) were observed for soils amended with >2 mm biochar. The soil hydraulic conductivity increased with decreasing biochar particle sizes, with the exception of <0.063 mm biochar, which showed a significant (p <= 0.05) decrease in soil hydraulic conductivity compared to the larger particle sizes. The results clearly showed that both biochar intraporosity (pores inside biochar particles) and interporosity (pore spaces between biochar and soil particles) are important factors affecting amended soil hydraulic properties. Biochar interpores affected mainly hydraulic conductivity; both interpores and intrapores controlled soil water retention properties. Our results suggest that for a more effective increase in soil water retention of coarse soils, the use of hydrophilic biochar with high intraporosity is recommended. Highlights Biochar increases soil water retention and reduces hydraulic conductivity. Hydrophobicity of biochar increased with decreasing particle size. Coarse biochar particles increased soil water retention due to hydrophilic surfaces and increased intraporosity. Fine biochar particles decreased hydraulic conductivity due to reduced macropores.