Role of Heme Pocket Water in Allosteric Regulation of Ligand Reactivity in Human Hemoglobin

Water molecules can enter the heme pockets of unliganded myoglobins and hemoglobins, hydrogen bond with the distal histidine, and introduce steric barriers to ligand binding. The spectrokinetics of photodissociated CO complexes of human hemoglobin and its isolated alpha and beta chains were analyzed for the effect of heme hydration on ligand rebinding. A strong coupling was observed between heme hydration and quaternary state. This coupling may contribute significantly to the 20-60-fold difference between the R- and T-state bimolecular CO binding rate constants and thus to the modulation of ligand reactivity that is the hallmark of hemoglobin allostery. Heme hydration proceeded over the course of several kinetic phases in the tetramer, including the R to T quaternary transition. An initial 150 ns hydration phase increased the R-state distal pocket water occupancy, n(w)(R), to a level similar to that of the isolated alpha (similar to 60%) and beta (similar to 10%) chains, resulting in a modest barrier to ligand binding. A subsequent phase, concurrent with the first step of the R -> T transition, further increased the level of heme hydration, increasing the barrier. The final phase, concurrent with the final step of the allosteric transition, brought the water occupancy of the T-state tetramer, n(w)(T), even higher and close to full occupancy in both the alpha and beta subunits (similar to 90%). This hydration level could present an even larger barrier to ligand binding and contribute significantly to the lower iron reactivity of the T state toward CO.