Characterization of perovskite solar cells with a solution-processed two-stage SnO2 electron transport layer

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as the prominent candidate for next-generation solar cells. To achieve feasible high-power conversion efficiency in cells, many research groups have developed electron transport materials. This study explores the photovoltaic characteristics of a two-stage SnO2 based electron transport layer fabricated by the spin coating process. The spin coating processed two-stage tin oxide (SnO2) improved the power conversion efficiency by 15.16% in comparison to the single stage compact SnO2 based electron transporting layer for PSCs. However, the annealing process remains at a low temperature. This reduced the roughness of the two-stage film, which improved the performance.