Room-Temperature Orange-Red Phosphorescence by Way of Intermolecular Charge Transfer in Single-Component Phenoxazine-Quinoline Conjugates and Chemical Sensing

Achieving red phosphorescence from purely organic system is a challenging feat due to the predominant thermal nonradiative decay pathways of the excited electrons. Here, we design single-component charge-transfer (CT) complexes based on phenoxazine-quinoline conjugates (PQ1-PQ3), in which the phenoxazine ring is covalently attached to the quinolinyl fragment via a C-N bond. These conjugates in concentration-dependent absorption studies show a new low-energy CT absorption band along with the parent n-714 band with binding constants of up to 10(2) M-1 due to self-association via intermolecular CT (I2CT). Steady-state emission and phosphorescence decay transient measurements of all of the conjugates in solutions, thin films, and crystals reveal the signature of I2CT that leads to orange-red phosphorescence (ORP) at ambient conditions. Theoretical calculations show the existence of dimer with stronger I2CT characteristics and reduced energy gap between the lowest singlet (S-1) and triplet (T-1) states (Delta E-ST = 0.05-0.14 eV), which is in line with emission measurements. These conjugates are used for solid-state dichloromethane vapor sensors, and PQ3 can be transformed into oxygen sensor. These studies give an insight into the ORP properties and provide a rational strategy for the design of single-component self-CT complexes with ORP feature at ambient conditions.