The effects of spinal cord injury and exercise on bone mass: A literature review

被引:44
作者
Dolbow, D. R. [1 ,2 ]
Gorgey, A. S. [1 ,2 ]
Daniels, J. A. [1 ]
Adler, R. A. [1 ,2 ]
Moore, J. R. [1 ]
Gater, D. R., Jr. [1 ,2 ]
机构
[1] McGuire VA Med Ctr, Spinal Cord Injury & Disorders Ctr, Richmond, VA 23249 USA
[2] Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Dept Phys Med & Rehabil, Richmond, VA USA
关键词
Osteogenic osteoporosis; functional electrical stimulation; trabecular bone; cortical bone; MINERAL DENSITY; BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS; MUSCLE; OSTEOPOROSIS; ADAPTATIONS; INDIVIDUALS; IMMOBILIZATION; HYPERCALCEMIA; MECHANOSTAT; SUPPRESSION;
D O I
10.3233/NRE-2011-0702
中图分类号
R74 [神经病学与精神病学];
学科分类号
摘要
Introduction: Bone loss is a common and often debilitating condition that accompanies spinal cord injury. Because bone loss after spinal cord injury is multifactorial, it can be difficult to assess and treat. This process becomes even more complex as secondary conditions associated with aging are introduced. Purpose: There are two purposes of this literature review. The first is to summarize information concerning the mechanisms of bone loss and osteoporosis after spinal cord injury. The second is to summarize existing data concerning the effects of exercise on bone loss after spinal cord injury. Method: Literature was reviewed concerning the bone loss process and the non-pharmacological treatment options for ameliorating bone loss after spinal cord injury. Results: (Part One) Osteoporosis is universal in persons with chronic complete spinal cord injury, which increases the risk of bone fracture. Bone loss after spinal cord injury is both sublesional and regional with the greatest areas of bone demineralization being in the sublesional trabecular laden areas of the distal and proximal epiphyses of the femur and tibia. (Part Two) While passive weight bearing of paralyzed lower extremities appears to be ineffective, stressing the bones through muscular contractions initiated by electrical stimulation (FES) have yielded positive results in some cases. The intensity, frequency, and duration of stress to the bones appear to be important determinants of improved bone parameters. Although further quantification of these components is needed, some generalized guidelines can be deduced from completed research. Intensities showing positive results have been loads of one to one and a half times body weight for FES exercise or having participants FES cycle at their highest power output. Safety precautions must be used to decrease risk of bone fracture. Generally, the frequency is effective with three or more weekly exercise sessions. Studies of duration suggest that several months to one or more years of FES are necessary. Discussion: In order to promote healthy and independent aging in patients with spinal cord injury, it is important to understand the processes, consequences and effective treatments involved with bone loss.
引用
收藏
页码:261 / 269
页数:9
相关论文
共 72 条
[1]  
Adkins RH., 2001, Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation, V6, P37
[2]   Effects of β-adrenergic agonists on bone-resorting activity in human osteoclast-like cells [J].
Arai, M ;
Nagasawa, T ;
Koshihara, Y ;
Yamamoto, S ;
Togari, A .
BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH, 2003, 1640 (2-3) :137-142
[3]   Continuous loss of bone during chronic immobilization: A monozygotic twin study [J].
Bauman, WA ;
Spungen, AM ;
Wang, J ;
Pierson, RN ;
Schwartz, E .
OSTEOPOROSIS INTERNATIONAL, 1999, 10 (02) :123-127
[4]  
Biering-Sorensen F., 2009, SPINAL CORD, V47, P73
[5]   Bone mass and endocrine adaptations to training in spinal cord injured individuals [J].
Bloomfield, SA ;
Mysiw, WJ ;
Jackson, RD .
BONE, 1996, 19 (01) :61-68
[6]  
Bonnick S.L., 2006, BONE DENSITOMETRY TE, P257
[7]  
Broholm B, 2005, SPINAL CORD, V43, P674, DOI 10.1038/sj.sc.3101788
[8]   BONE REMODELING DURING THE DEVELOPMENT OF OSTEOPOROSIS IN PARAPLEGIA [J].
CHANTRAINE, A ;
NUSGENS, B ;
LAPIERE, CM .
CALCIFIED TISSUE INTERNATIONAL, 1986, 38 (06) :323-327
[9]   PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL SCIENTIFIC MEETING OF THE INTERNATIONAL-MEDICAL-SOCIETY OF PARAPLEGIA HELD AT STOKE MANDEVILLE IN JULY 1978 .3. INTRA-MEDULLARY PRESSURE AND INTRA-OSSEOUS PHLEBOGRAPHY IN PARAPLEGIA [J].
CHANTRAINE, A ;
VANOUWENALLER, C ;
HACHEN, HJ ;
SCHINAS, P .
PARAPLEGIA, 1979, 17 (04) :391-397
[10]  
Chen B, 2001, J Spinal Cord Med, V24, P235