Inventory of Polychlorinated Naphthalene Emissions from Waste Incineration and Metallurgical Sources in China

Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) are highly toxic persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that are a relatively new addition to the Stockholm Convention as of 2015. The levels of unintentional emissions of PCNs from important industrial thermal sources on national scales are unclear but are important for understanding potential human exposure. In this study, an inventory was compiled of PCN emissions from priority industrial sources of unintentional POPs in China. Estimated emissions from four typical POP sources in the reference year (2014) in China were 511.6 kg by mass and 7650.8 mg of toxic equivalent. Waste incineration, secondary nonferrous smelting, electric arc furnace steelmaking, and iron ore sintering plants contributed 38.8, 15.4, 29.2, and 16.6%, respectively, to the total emissions. The Eastern Seaboard of China and the Hebei region in North China, which have intensive industrial activity and high population densities, were dominant contributors of PCNs. Only 18.6% of the counties where waste incineration plants were located emitted PCNs at a level higher than 1.00 x 10(-1) mg of toxic equivalent, whereas 80% of the counties where metallurgical plants were located emitted PCNs at this level. These results indicate effective implementation of POP control in the waste incineration industry in China. This study clarifies the unintentionally emission levels of PCNs in China and provides important information for strategy development to control source emissions.