Lignin-derived materials and their applications in rechargeable batteries

Lignin is the most abundant aromatic polymer in nature. However, the utilization of lignin is very limited and almost exclusively used for combustion to generate heat and power. Considering the abundance, low cost, and environmentally benign nature of lignin, as well as its unique molecular structure, the use of lignin-derived materials to construct high-performance rechargeable batteries to meet the massive demand for rechargeable batteries has attracted worldwide attention as an emerging research frontier. This review systematically summarizes the recent advances in lignin-derived materials and their applications in rechargeable batteries. The basic physical and chemical properties of lignin are first introduced. Subsequently, recent advances in lignin-derived electrode materials, including porous carbon and lignin carbon fibers, as well as lignin-derived binders, separators, and electrolytes, are discussed. Finally, perspectives on the further development of advanced lignin-derived materials for rechargeable batteries are presented.