Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder that affects approximately 50 million people and about 30% of them have seizures despite antiepileptic-drug therapy. Even if 50% of these 600,000 or so patients benefit from surgical resection, many would still need new therapeutic approaches. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been suggested as an alternative to drug therapy. Low frequency stimulation (LFS) is an effective pattern of DBS that can decrease epileptic seizures. The incidence of epileptic seizures has been described by an imbalance between excitatory (glutamatergic) and inhibitory (GABAergic) neurotransmission. This phenomenon may be affected by other neurotransmitter systems, including serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT). The Serotonergic system undergoes many alterations in the epileptic brain. The link between LFS and serotonin release has been studied and it is documented that 5-HT1A receptor antagonist reduces the anti-convulsant effects of LFS. Thus, considering the effects of the serotonergic system in neuronal activities in the epileptic brain, it may be involved in the anti-convulsant mechanism(s) of LFS. In this review, we introduce the effects of low frequency stimulation on seizure and its possible mechanisms. The role of some neuromodulators in mediating the anti-convulsive effects of LFS and the probable signaling changes will be discussed.
机构:
Cardiff Univ, Sch Biosci, Div Neurosci, Museum Ave, Cardiff CF10 3AX, S Glam, Wales
Karolinska Inst, AstraZeneca Translat Sci Ctr, Stockholm, SwedenCardiff Univ, Sch Biosci, Div Neurosci, Museum Ave, Cardiff CF10 3AX, S Glam, Wales
Venzi, Marcello
David, Francois
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Cardiff Univ, Sch Biosci, Div Neurosci, Museum Ave, Cardiff CF10 3AX, S Glam, Wales
Univ Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5292, Ctr Rech Neurosci Lyon,INSERM,U1028, F-69365 Lyon, FranceCardiff Univ, Sch Biosci, Div Neurosci, Museum Ave, Cardiff CF10 3AX, S Glam, Wales
David, Francois
Bellet, Joachim
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机构:
Univ Tubingen, Werner Reichardt Ctr Integrat Neurosci, Tubingen, GermanyCardiff Univ, Sch Biosci, Div Neurosci, Museum Ave, Cardiff CF10 3AX, S Glam, Wales
Bellet, Joachim
Cavaccini, Anna
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机构:
Cardiff Univ, Sch Biosci, Div Neurosci, Museum Ave, Cardiff CF10 3AX, S Glam, Wales
Ist Italiano Tecnol, Dept Neurosci & Brain Technol, Genoa, ItalyCardiff Univ, Sch Biosci, Div Neurosci, Museum Ave, Cardiff CF10 3AX, S Glam, Wales
Cavaccini, Anna
Bombardi, Cristiano
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机构:
Univ Bologna, Dept Vet Med Sci, Bologna, ItalyCardiff Univ, Sch Biosci, Div Neurosci, Museum Ave, Cardiff CF10 3AX, S Glam, Wales
Bombardi, Cristiano
Crunelli, Vincenzo
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机构:
Cardiff Univ, Sch Biosci, Div Neurosci, Museum Ave, Cardiff CF10 3AX, S Glam, Wales
Univ Malta, Dept Physiol & Biochem, MSD-2080 Msida, MaltaCardiff Univ, Sch Biosci, Div Neurosci, Museum Ave, Cardiff CF10 3AX, S Glam, Wales
Crunelli, Vincenzo
Di Giovanni, Giuseppe
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机构:
Cardiff Univ, Sch Biosci, Div Neurosci, Museum Ave, Cardiff CF10 3AX, S Glam, Wales
Univ Malta, Dept Physiol & Biochem, MSD-2080 Msida, MaltaCardiff Univ, Sch Biosci, Div Neurosci, Museum Ave, Cardiff CF10 3AX, S Glam, Wales
机构:Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Human Brain Res Ctr, Dept Neurol,Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
Yamamoto, J
Ikeda, A
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机构:Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Human Brain Res Ctr, Dept Neurol,Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
Ikeda, A
Satow, T
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机构:Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Human Brain Res Ctr, Dept Neurol,Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
Satow, T
Takeshita, K
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机构:Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Human Brain Res Ctr, Dept Neurol,Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
Takeshita, K
Takayama, M
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机构:Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Human Brain Res Ctr, Dept Neurol,Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
Takayama, M
Matsuhashi, M
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机构:Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Human Brain Res Ctr, Dept Neurol,Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
Matsuhashi, M
Matsumoto, R
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机构:Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Human Brain Res Ctr, Dept Neurol,Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
Matsumoto, R
Ohara, S
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机构:Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Human Brain Res Ctr, Dept Neurol,Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
Ohara, S
Mikuni, N
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机构:Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Human Brain Res Ctr, Dept Neurol,Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
Mikuni, N
Takahashi, T
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机构:Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Human Brain Res Ctr, Dept Neurol,Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
Takahashi, T
Miyamoto, S
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机构:Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Human Brain Res Ctr, Dept Neurol,Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
Miyamoto, S
Taki, W
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机构:Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Human Brain Res Ctr, Dept Neurol,Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
Taki, W
Hashimoto, N
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机构:Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Human Brain Res Ctr, Dept Neurol,Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
Hashimoto, N
Rothwell, JC
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机构:Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Human Brain Res Ctr, Dept Neurol,Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
Rothwell, JC
Shibasaki, H
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Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Human Brain Res Ctr, Dept Neurol,Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, JapanKyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Human Brain Res Ctr, Dept Neurol,Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
机构:Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Human Brain Res Ctr, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
Yamamoto, Junichi
Ikeda, Akio
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Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Human Brain Res Ctr, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, JapanKyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Human Brain Res Ctr, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
Ikeda, Akio
Kinoshita, Masako
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机构:Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Human Brain Res Ctr, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
Kinoshita, Masako
Matsumoto, Riki
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机构:Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Human Brain Res Ctr, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
Matsumoto, Riki
Satow, Takeshi
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机构:Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Human Brain Res Ctr, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
Satow, Takeshi
Takeshita, Kazuhide
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机构:Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Human Brain Res Ctr, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
Takeshita, Kazuhide
Matsuhashi, Masao
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机构:Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Human Brain Res Ctr, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
Matsuhashi, Masao
Mikuni, Nobuhiro
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机构:Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Human Brain Res Ctr, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
Mikuni, Nobuhiro
Miyamoto, Susumu
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机构:Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Human Brain Res Ctr, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
Miyamoto, Susumu
Hashimoto, Nobuo
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机构:Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Human Brain Res Ctr, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
Hashimoto, Nobuo
Shibasaki, Hiroshi
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机构:Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Human Brain Res Ctr, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
机构:
Cardiff Univ, Sch Biosci, Div Neurosci, Museum Ave, Cardiff CF10 3AX, S Glam, Wales
Karolinska Inst, AstraZeneca Translat Sci Ctr, Stockholm, SwedenCardiff Univ, Sch Biosci, Div Neurosci, Museum Ave, Cardiff CF10 3AX, S Glam, Wales
Venzi, Marcello
David, Francois
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Cardiff Univ, Sch Biosci, Div Neurosci, Museum Ave, Cardiff CF10 3AX, S Glam, Wales
Univ Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5292, Ctr Rech Neurosci Lyon,INSERM,U1028, F-69365 Lyon, FranceCardiff Univ, Sch Biosci, Div Neurosci, Museum Ave, Cardiff CF10 3AX, S Glam, Wales
David, Francois
Bellet, Joachim
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h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Tubingen, Werner Reichardt Ctr Integrat Neurosci, Tubingen, GermanyCardiff Univ, Sch Biosci, Div Neurosci, Museum Ave, Cardiff CF10 3AX, S Glam, Wales
Bellet, Joachim
Cavaccini, Anna
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Cardiff Univ, Sch Biosci, Div Neurosci, Museum Ave, Cardiff CF10 3AX, S Glam, Wales
Ist Italiano Tecnol, Dept Neurosci & Brain Technol, Genoa, ItalyCardiff Univ, Sch Biosci, Div Neurosci, Museum Ave, Cardiff CF10 3AX, S Glam, Wales
Cavaccini, Anna
Bombardi, Cristiano
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h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Bologna, Dept Vet Med Sci, Bologna, ItalyCardiff Univ, Sch Biosci, Div Neurosci, Museum Ave, Cardiff CF10 3AX, S Glam, Wales
Bombardi, Cristiano
Crunelli, Vincenzo
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h-index: 0
机构:
Cardiff Univ, Sch Biosci, Div Neurosci, Museum Ave, Cardiff CF10 3AX, S Glam, Wales
Univ Malta, Dept Physiol & Biochem, MSD-2080 Msida, MaltaCardiff Univ, Sch Biosci, Div Neurosci, Museum Ave, Cardiff CF10 3AX, S Glam, Wales
Crunelli, Vincenzo
Di Giovanni, Giuseppe
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机构:
Cardiff Univ, Sch Biosci, Div Neurosci, Museum Ave, Cardiff CF10 3AX, S Glam, Wales
Univ Malta, Dept Physiol & Biochem, MSD-2080 Msida, MaltaCardiff Univ, Sch Biosci, Div Neurosci, Museum Ave, Cardiff CF10 3AX, S Glam, Wales
机构:Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Human Brain Res Ctr, Dept Neurol,Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
Yamamoto, J
Ikeda, A
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h-index: 0
机构:Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Human Brain Res Ctr, Dept Neurol,Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
Ikeda, A
Satow, T
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h-index: 0
机构:Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Human Brain Res Ctr, Dept Neurol,Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
Satow, T
Takeshita, K
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机构:Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Human Brain Res Ctr, Dept Neurol,Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
Takeshita, K
Takayama, M
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h-index: 0
机构:Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Human Brain Res Ctr, Dept Neurol,Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
Takayama, M
Matsuhashi, M
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机构:Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Human Brain Res Ctr, Dept Neurol,Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
Matsuhashi, M
Matsumoto, R
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机构:Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Human Brain Res Ctr, Dept Neurol,Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
Matsumoto, R
Ohara, S
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h-index: 0
机构:Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Human Brain Res Ctr, Dept Neurol,Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
Ohara, S
Mikuni, N
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h-index: 0
机构:Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Human Brain Res Ctr, Dept Neurol,Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
Mikuni, N
Takahashi, T
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h-index: 0
机构:Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Human Brain Res Ctr, Dept Neurol,Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
Takahashi, T
Miyamoto, S
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h-index: 0
机构:Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Human Brain Res Ctr, Dept Neurol,Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
Miyamoto, S
Taki, W
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机构:Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Human Brain Res Ctr, Dept Neurol,Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
Taki, W
Hashimoto, N
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h-index: 0
机构:Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Human Brain Res Ctr, Dept Neurol,Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
Hashimoto, N
Rothwell, JC
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h-index: 0
机构:Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Human Brain Res Ctr, Dept Neurol,Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
Rothwell, JC
Shibasaki, H
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机构:
Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Human Brain Res Ctr, Dept Neurol,Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, JapanKyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Human Brain Res Ctr, Dept Neurol,Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
机构:Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Human Brain Res Ctr, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
Yamamoto, Junichi
Ikeda, Akio
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h-index: 0
机构:
Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Human Brain Res Ctr, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, JapanKyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Human Brain Res Ctr, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
Ikeda, Akio
Kinoshita, Masako
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h-index: 0
机构:Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Human Brain Res Ctr, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
Kinoshita, Masako
Matsumoto, Riki
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h-index: 0
机构:Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Human Brain Res Ctr, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
Matsumoto, Riki
Satow, Takeshi
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h-index: 0
机构:Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Human Brain Res Ctr, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
Satow, Takeshi
Takeshita, Kazuhide
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h-index: 0
机构:Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Human Brain Res Ctr, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
Takeshita, Kazuhide
Matsuhashi, Masao
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机构:Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Human Brain Res Ctr, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
Matsuhashi, Masao
Mikuni, Nobuhiro
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机构:Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Human Brain Res Ctr, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
Mikuni, Nobuhiro
Miyamoto, Susumu
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h-index: 0
机构:Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Human Brain Res Ctr, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
Miyamoto, Susumu
Hashimoto, Nobuo
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h-index: 0
机构:Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Human Brain Res Ctr, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
Hashimoto, Nobuo
Shibasaki, Hiroshi
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h-index: 0
机构:Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, Human Brain Res Ctr, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan