A Comprehensive Review on Electroanalytical Methodologies for the Determination of Carmoisine (E122)

Carmoisine (CMS) as a synthetic azo dye is extensively utilized in the pharmaceutical, cosmetics, textile, and food industries. Previous studies revealed that several serious health problems are caused by longer exposure to CMS. Thus, in most countries, the permissible quantity of CMS in pharmaceutical and food products is controlled strictly by legislation. Hence, it is essential to develop a sensitive, precise, and simple methodology to determine CMS. Various analytical approaches have been reported to determine CMS, among which, electroanalytical methods present a wide dynamic range, high sensitivity, straightforward instrumentation, short analysis time, and low price. Other advantages of electrochemical sensors are the applicability in colored and opaque samples, higher selectivity, and the ability to simultaneously determine different components. Therefore, all of the scattered reports about CMS electroanalytical determination method were gathered in this review paper. The reported electrochemical sensors were compared from different points of views including working electrode nature, employed modifiers, and the type of electrochemical reaction. The analytical figures of merits and other upsides and downsides of the developed electrochemical sensors were compared and discussed critically and on their basis, some important conclusions and suggestions were proposed for the future works in order to achieve the most suitable sensor which has high sensitivity and also meets the essential requirements for commercialization and widely utilization.