Increasing renewable energy penetration and energy independence of island communities: A novel dynamic simulation approach for energy, economic, and environmental analysis, and optimization

Nowadays, due to the raising research interest in net and nearly zero-energy concepts at community level, great efforts are spent to investigate self-sustaining and energy-independent communities. Small and off-grid islands represent one of the best places to focus the attention on, and to suit pilot projects of self-sufficient energy communities. In this context, the dynamic simulation represents a useful tool for designing, analysing, and optimizing islands' energy system layouts, especially in case of renewable energy system adoption (due to the performance unpredictability of renewable energy sources). Therefore, powerful yet flexible dynamic simulation tools are increasingly in demand. In this framework, this paper presents a novel dynamic simulation model, developed in TRNSYS environment, purposely conceived to investigate innovative technologies, novel system layouts, and advanced control logics, in the case of small and off-grid islands, aiming at reaching the nearly/netzero energy goal at a community level. To prove the potential of the novel dynamic simulation tool, a suitable case study referring to the existing island community of El Hierro (Canary Island) was considered and investigated. Specifically, to enhance the island energy independence, diverse scenarios and system layouts, including different renewable energy based technologies (e.g. wind turbines, hydroelectric power plants, solar thermal collectors, etc.) have been investigated by the novel developed simulation tool. Results demonstrate the potentiality of the adopted method as well as the feasibility of the proposed system layouts. Specifically, the investigated scenarios provide up to 85% of the annual electricity demand and about 79% of the annual thermal energy needs by renewable energy sources with substantial economic savings.