Glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibition decreases inflammation and relieves cancer induced bone pain via reducing Drp1-mediated mitochondrial damage

Bone is the preferential site of metastasis for breast cancer. Invasion of cancer cells induces the destruction of bone tissue and damnification of peripheral nerves and consequently induced central sensitization which contributes to severe pain. Herein, cancer induced bone pain (CIBP) rats exhibited destruction of tibia, mechanical allodynia and spinal inflammation. Inflammatory response mainly mediated by astrocyte and microglia in central nervous system. Our immunofluorescence analysis revealed activation of spinal astrocytes and microglia in CIBP rats. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations of mitochondrial outer membrane disruption and cristae damage in spinal mitochondria of CIBP rats. Proteomics analysis identified abnormal expression of proteins related to mitochondrial organization and function. Intrathecally, injection of GSK-3 beta activity inhibitor TDZD-8 significantly attenuated Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission and recovered mitochondrial function. Inhibition of GSK-3 beta activity also suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome cascade and consequently decreased mechanical pain sensitivity of CIBP rats. For cell research, TDZD-8 treatment significantly reversed INF-alpha induced mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) deficiency and high mitochondrial reactive oxygen species level. Taken together, GSK-3 beta inhibition by TDZD-8 decreases spinal inflammation and relieves cancer induced bone pain via reducing Drp1-mediated mitochondrial damage.