Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs)-derived national discharge loads of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs)

被引:94
|
作者
Kim, Seung-Kyu [2 ]
Im, Jong-Kwon [1 ]
Kang, Young-Min [1 ]
Jung, Se-Young [1 ]
Kho, Yeong Lim [3 ]
Zoh, Kyung-Duk [1 ]
机构
[1] Seoul Natl Univ, Dept Environm Hlth, Sch Publ Hlth, Seoul 151742, South Korea
[2] Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Earth & Environm Sci BK21, Seoul 151742, South Korea
[3] Eulji Univ, Dept Hlth Environm & Safety, Taejon, South Korea
关键词
PFOA; PFOS; National discharge load; Emission; Watershed; Ocean dumping; FLUOROTELOMER ALCOHOL BIODEGRADATION; PERFLUOROOCTANE SULFONATE; MASS FLOWS; PERFLUOROCARBOXYLIC ACIDS; PERFLUOROALKYL COMPOUNDS; NONPOINT-SOURCE; SURFACTANTS; FATE; CONTAMINATION; SUBSTANCES;
D O I
10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.11.036
中图分类号
X [环境科学、安全科学];
学科分类号
08 ; 0830 ;
摘要
The discharge of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) was investigated for 15 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), comprising 25% of total domestic wastewater and 23% of total industrial wastewater produced in Korea. PFCs concentrations in influent, effluent, and sludge were greater in industrial wastewater than in the majority of domestic wastewater. Individual PFCs were found to have differing industrial sources, with perfluorocarboxylates used in fabric/textiles, paper-mill, and dyeing industries, and perfluoroalkylsulfonates occurring in oil/chemical and metal-plating/processing industries. Total WWTP-derived national discharge loads were calculated based on the average concentrations in effluents and the total volume of wastewaters produced in Korea. The average WWTP-derived national discharge loads of individual PFCs were 0.04-0.61 ton/year, with 63% of perfluorooctanoate being from domestic wastewater, and 75% of perfluorooctanesulfonate being from industrial wastewater. These estimates accounted for the majority of national emissions, based on measurements in major river mouths, indicating the major contribution of WWTPs to PFC occurrence in Korean aquatic environments. Both the per capita emission factor (mu g/capita/day) for domestic discharge, and area-normalized national discharge loads (g/capita/km(2)/day) for all wastewaters were several factors lower in Korea than in Japan or Europe, which is consistent with the lower levels of human exposure to PFCs in Korea. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
引用
收藏
页码:82 / 91
页数:10
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