Stress-related hormonal and psychological changes to official youth Taekwondo competitions

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of an official Taekwondo competition on the heart rate (HR), salivary alpha-amylase (sA-A), salivary free cortisol (sC), and Profile of Mood States (POMS) in 10 young male (14 +/- 0 years) and six female (13 +/- 1 years) athletes. POMS and hormones were measured 15 min before and directly after the competition. During the recovery phase (30 and 90 min), sA-A and sC were also measured. HR measured during the competition was expressed as a percentage of individual's maximal heart rate (%HRmax) to evaluate the intensity of exercise. During the competition, athletes spent 65% of the time working at HR > 90% of individuals HRmax. A significant increase (P < 0.0001) in sA-A (115%) was observed at the end of the match. At 30 min of recovery, sA-A returned to the pre-competition level. The peak sC values were observed at 30 min of recovery (P < 0.001), returning to the pre-competition level at 90 min of recovery. A gender difference (P=0.01) emerged only for sC, although a similar trend was observed for female and male athletes. Significantly higher post-match scores emerged for Anger-hostility (pre: 6.1 +/- 1.1, post: 11.2 +/- 1.9; P=0.03) and Depression-dejection (pre: 4.5 +/- 0.5, post: 10.2 +/- 1.9; P=0.006), whereas the reverse picture was observed for Vigour-activity (pre: 23.2 +/- 1.2, post: 16.3 +/- 1.7; P=0.0006). Taekwondo competition results in temporary changes in the stress-related parameters measured in this study. The present findings suggest that this experimental paradigm can represent a useful model for further research on the effects of various stressors (i.e., training and competition) in Taekwondo athletes of different levels (i.e., novice, international).