Exposure to alcohol or tobacco affects the pattern of maturation in oral mucosal cells: a cytohistological study

To assess the maturation pattern of oral mucosal cells of patients exposed to tobacco and alcohol. (i) Group without lesions. Smears obtained from the lower lip, border of the tongue and floor of the mouth of 31 control individuals (group I), 49 tobacco users (group II) and 27 tobacco/alcohol users (group III) were stained using the Papanicolaou method. The first 100 cells counted on each smear determined the maturation pattern and the keratinization index (KI). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey multiple comparison test were used for statistical analysis, at a 5% significance level. (ii) Group with lesions. Cytopathological and histopathological studies were conducted for 15 patients: eight with leucoplakia without epithelial dysplasia, two with epithelial dysplasia and five with squamous cell carcinoma. (i) Group without lesions. Statistical analysis revealed a smaller number of superficial cells with nuclei in all sites of the group of tobacco/alcohol users (group III) when compared to the control group (group I), and this difference was statistically significant (P < 0.005). (ii) Group with lesions. The severity of histopathological findings increased with the increase in the number of cells of the deeper epithelial layers, with a statistically significant difference in the number of intermediate (P = 0.013) and parabasal cells (P = 0.049), which increased with the severity of the epithelial maturation disorder: leucoplakias with dysplasia had a greater number of intermediate and parabasal cells than leucoplakias without dysplasia; and the number in squamous cell carcinomas was greater than in leucoplakias with dysplasia. The maturation pattern of cells in the three anatomic sites showed changes that may be associated with the synergistic effect of tobacco and alcohol. Also, the severity of histopathological findings was associated with the increase in the number of cells in the deeper epithelial layers.