High Prevalence of Pituitary Dysfunction After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Long-Term Prospective Study Using Dynamic Endocrine Testing

OBJECTIVE: Impaired systemic hormonal activity caused by hypothalamic and pituitary injury may contribute to neuropsychologic disturbances and poor quality of life after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). This prospective study was designed to longitudinally evaluate long-term clinical outcome and pituitary function after SAH using dynamic tests for adrencorticotropic and somatotropic secretory capacity. METHODS: Endocrine function was assessed by basal hormonal concentrations at 6-12 months and 12-24 months after SAH. At the 12-24 months follow-up, dynamic provocative evaluation of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and growth hormone (GH) was performed using the insulin tolerance test (ITT). In patients where ITT was contraindicated, an ACTH stimulation test was used to assess ACTH capacity, and a growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)-arginine stimulation test was used to assess GH capacity. RESULTS: Of 60 patients with SAH screened, 51 were included in the study, and 44 remained to be tested at the two follow-up visits. As assessed by basal hormone concentrations alone, the prevalence of pituitary dysfunction was 34% at 6-12 months and 41% at 12-24 months. When using dynamic tests (12-24 months), impaired pituitary function was detected in 43%. The ITT detected more cases of central hypoadrenalism and GH deficiency compared with the ACTH-and GHRH-arginine-stimulation tests, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Application of dynamic endocrine tests revealed a high frequency of long-term hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction after aneurysmal SAH. The role of pituitary dysfunction in the recovery after SAH merits further evaluation.