Surgically relevant aspects of stem cell paracrine effects

STEM CELLs are undifferentiated, self-renewing, and multipotent (able to differentiate into multiple cell types). Unlike traditional treatment modalities, these unique characteristics may enable stem cells to undo irreversible cellular damage and rebuild injured or diseased tissue. Recent evidence suggests that stem cells may influence positively the recovery from injury via paracrine factors that promote tissue repair. Insights into paracrine mechanisms of stem cells may help the surgeon scientist devise more effective therapies and earlier widespread application. This review 1) unravels the pathways for stem cell-mediated paracrine protection; 2) highlights the growth factors and cytokines expressed; and 3) explores the potential of using stem cells clinically.