High-performance asymmetric supercapacitors fabricated by amorphous MnO2 on 3D-Ni foam as positive electrodes in a mixed electrolyte

A high-performance supercapacitor based on an amorphous MnO2 electrode on Ni foam (MnO2/NF) in a Na2SO4/KOH mixed electrolyte was fabricated and studied. XRD, Raman, TEM, and SEM characterizations highlighted the nanostructure of these amorphous MnO2 materials. The electrochemical behaviors of amorphous MnO2/NF were studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) measurements, and the cycling performance. The results reveal that the amorphous MnO2/NF in the Na2SO4/KOH electrolyte exhibited a high capacitance. The Na2SO4/KOH mixed electrolyte with ionic interactions in the mesopores increased the capacitance. However, weaker ion-interacting cations can diffuse into microspores without losing their capacitive ability. An asymmetric supercapacitor has been developed successfully with amorphous MnO2 and graphene nanosheets (GNs)/multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as the positive and negative electrodes, respectively. The MnO2//GNS-MWCNT (GM) asymmetric supercapacitor exhibits a maximum energy density of 43.3 Wh kg(-1) at a power density of 500 W kg(-1).