Experimental and theoretical investigations of visible spectra of W12+

To provide relevant atomic data for fusion research, a collisional-radiative model (CRM) simulation is conducted using the Flexible Atomic Code (FAC) to identify the 10 visible lines for w(12+) measured with a compact electron-beam ion trap (EBIT) [Kobayashi et al., Phys Rev A 2015;92:022510]. To search for one missing strong visible line predicted from the CRM results, additional experiments are performed using EBIT devices at the Shanghai EBIT Laboratory. Also, large-scale calculations are performed using the FAC and GRASP codes to check the line identifications and investigate electron-correlation effects for W12+. The excitation energies for the 50 lowest levels arising from 4f(14)5s(2), 4f(13)5s(2)5p and 4f(12)5s(2)5p(2) of W12+ are presented for the first time, with an average deviation of similar to 800 cm(-1). The resulting theoretical wavelengths agree well with the experimental values (with an average deviation of similar to 1.5%) except for one 540.5 nm line, which calls for further theoretical studies. (C) 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.