The Immune System of HIV-Exposed Uninfected Infants

被引:96
作者
Abu-Raya, Bahaa [1 ]
Kollmann, Tobias R. [1 ]
Marchant, Arnaud [2 ]
MacGillivray, Duncan M. [3 ]
机构
[1] Univ British Columbia, Div Infect Dis, Dept Pediat, Vancouver, BC, Canada
[2] Univ Libre Bruxelles, Inst Med Immunol, Charleroi, Belgium
[3] Dalhousie Univ, Dept Med, St John, NB, Canada
关键词
HIV; HIV-exposed infants; innate immune system; cell-mediated immune system; humoral immune response; ANTIRETROVIRAL TREATMENT STRATEGIES; T-CELL RESPONSES; MITOCHONDRIAL TOXICITY; INFECTED MOTHERS; CHILDREN BORN; 1ST YEAR; ANTIBODY-RESPONSES; LYMPHOCYTE; TRANSMISSION; MORBIDITY;
D O I
10.3389/fimmu.2016.00383
中图分类号
R392 [医学免疫学]; Q939.91 [免疫学];
学科分类号
100102 ;
摘要
Infants born to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected women are HIV-exposed but the majority remains uninfected [i.e., HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU)]. HEU infants suffer greater morbidity and mortality from infections compared to HIV-unexposed (HU) peers. The reason(s) for these worse outcomes are uncertain, but could be related to an altered immune system state. This review comprehensively summarizes the current literature investigating the adaptive and innate immune system of HEU infants. HEU infants have altered cell-mediated immunity, including impaired T-cell maturation with documented hypo-as well as hyper-responsiveness to T-cell activation. And although prevaccination vaccine-specific antibody levels are often lower in HEU than HU, most HEU infants mount adequate humoral immune response following primary vaccination with diphtheria toxoid, haemophilus influenzae type b, whole cell pertussis, measles, hepatitis B, tetanus toxoid, and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. However, HEU infants are often found to have lower absolute neutrophil counts as compared to HU infants. On the other hand, an increase of innate immune cytokine production and expression of co-stimulatory markers has been noted in HEU infants, but this increase appears to be restricted to the first few weeks of life. The immune system of HEU children beyond infancy remains largely unexplored.
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