Chlorpyrifos caused necroptosis via MAPK/NF-ΚB/TNF-α pathway in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) gills

Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is an organophosphate insecticide and can cause cell death of animals. In the study, the common carp were exposed to CPF at 0 mu g/L (the control group), 1.16 mu g/L (the low dose group), 11.6 mu g/L (the medium dose group), and 116 mu g/L (the high dose group), respectively. The carp were euthanized at the 30th day and gills were collected immediately. The ultrastructural and histopathological observations showed obvious necrosis characteristics and inflammatory injury in the CPF-treated groups. CPF exposure activated the MAPK pathway, in which the mRNA and protein expressions of extracellular signal-regulated (ERK), p38 MAP kinase (p38), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) were increased; the mRNAs and proteins of NF-kappa B and TNF-alpha were activated; and the mRNAs and proteins of necroptosis related genes were changed (the mRNA and protein expression of RIPK1, RIPK3, MLKL, and FADD were increased and caspase-8 was decreased) with concentration dependency. Taken together, we concluded that CPF exposure activated the MAPK/NF-kappa B/TNF-alpha pathway, promoted inflammatory injure and evoked necroptosis in common carp gills. In addition, CPF-induced inflammation and necroptosis was concentration dependency. The toxic effects of CPF on gills provided data for both aquaculture and toxicological studies.