Diagnostic dilemma in an adolescent boy: Hemophagocytic syndrome in association with kala azar

Leishmaniasis is caused by infection with the hemoparasite Leishmania. The disease is a major public health problem in at least 88 countries, including Turkey. Prolonged fever with anorexia and loss of appetite are the major presenting features of visceral leishmaniasis. It is rarely defined as an etiological cause of hemophagocytic syndrome. The clinical course triggered by leishmania infection and hemophagocytosis may coincide, and this may lead to considerable diagnostic difficulty, especially in young children In this report, we describe an adolescent boy with visceral leishmaniasis as a rare cause of the hemophagocytic syndrome. This is the first reported association between hemophagocytosis and visceral leishmaniasis in an adolescent.