Utilization of waste nitrogen for biofuel production in China

Nitrogen (N) is the limiting factor for current biofuel production. Enormous quantities of waste N from agricultural, industrial and domestic use have been lost to the environment resulting in serious negative consequences. In this study, we discuss biofuel production using waste N (BPWN) on untilled or marginal land. Taking China as an example, the total waste N lost to surface water was estimated at 11.3 Tg N (1 Tg = 10(12) g) in 2008, accounting for 40% of total fertilizer N applied to China's cropland. The total potential biofuel produced by waste N was estimated at 16,436.3 PJ year(-1) (1 PJ = 10(15) J), accounting for similar to 20% of China's total energy consumption, or five times China's total gasoline demand in 2008. The net energy balance (Output-Input) of BPWN is 570 GJ ha(-1) year(-1) (1 GJ = 10(9) J) in China, about 15-30 times that of current major biofuel production systems (e.g. corn, switchgrass, low-input high-diversity grassland). The feasibility analysis shows that, although the land resources for BPWN are not sufficient in one-fifth of China's provinces if considering all of the potential waste N supply, the total maximum land requirement is only 17.5% of China's total untilled land resource. Further research on the imbalance between land requirement and waste N supply on the regional and local scales will help to refine the estimate of biofuel production potential. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.