Trehalose Attenuates Oxidative Stress and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Apoptosis in IPEC-J2 Cells Subjected to Heat Stress

Simple Summary As global warming continues, the increased frequency and intensity of high ambient temperatures imposes heat stress (HS) on farm animals and human beings. Pigs are susceptible to heat exposure; decreased performance and increased morbidity due to HS give rise to economic losses for the swine industry. HS induces oxidative stress and apoptosis, both of which are associated with compromised intestinal barrier integrity. Trehalose (Tre) is a natural disaccharide that is considered a health-promoting food owing to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and its molecular chaperone ability to inhibit protein denaturation. The present study aimed to determine the optimum trehalose level for alleviating HS-induced intestinal porcine epithelial cell (IPEC-J2) insults and to uncover the molecular mechanism of the protective effects of Tre. This study demonstrated that 10 mM trehalose can significantly attenuate HS-induced IPEC-J2 cell impairment and that the mechanism is related to trehalose alleviating oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of trehalose (Tre) on antioxidant capacity, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) response and apoptosis of heat-stressed intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). IPEC-J2 cells were cultured at 37 degrees C until the end of the experiment (control, CON); exposed to heat stress for 2 h (43 degrees C, HS); or pretreated with 0.1, 1, 5, 10, and 15 mM trehalose at 37 degrees C for 4 h prior to heat stress exposure for 2 h. The optimum level of trehalose for protecting against HS-induced cell injuries was determined to be 10 mM, as evidenced by the highest cellular viability and lowest malondialdehyde (MDA) content and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. Based on these, IPEC-J2 cells were divided into three groups: the first group was cultured at 37 degrees C until the end of the experiment (control, CON); the second group was exposed to heat stress for 2 h (43 degrees C, HS); the third group was pretreated with 10 mM trehalose for 4 h at 37 degrees C prior to heat stress exposure for 2 h (Tre + HS). The reactive oxygen species (ROS) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) changes, and expressions of the manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2), ERS and apoptosis-related proteins were determined. Compared to the CON group, HS significantly increased ROS generation (p < 0.01), decreased SOD activity (p < 0.05), and downregulated protein expression of SOD2 (p < 0.01). Compared to the HS group, Tre supplementation reduced ROS levels and increased SOD activity and SOD2 expression to the levels that were comparable to the control (p < 0.05). The HS-induced ERS response was evidenced by the increased protein expressions of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) (p < 0.01), eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha (p-eif2 alpha) (p < 0.01), transcription activator 4 (ATF4) (p < 0.01), and the protein expression of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) (p < 0.01), which were the four hallmarks of ERS. The Tre + HS group showed lower expressions of GRP78 (p < 0.01), p-eif2 alpha (p < 0.01), ATF4 (p < 0.01), and CHOP (p < 0.01) than that of the HS group. Tre pretreatment attenuated HS-induced mitochondrial apoptosis in IPEC-J2 cells, demonstrated by the increased MMP and decreased proapoptotic proteins active caspase 3, Bax, and cytochrome c (Cyt c). Taken together, trehalose can protect against HS-induced oxidative damage and endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis in IPEC-J2 cells. These data may provide a nutritional strategy for alleviating heat stress in pig production.