Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α controls the hepatic CYP4A induction adaptive response to starvation and diabetes

The hepatic CYP4A enzymes are important fatty acid and prostaglandin omega-hydroxylases that are highly inducible by fibric acid hypolipidemic agents and other peroxisome proliferators. Induction of the CYP4A enzymes by peroxisome proliferators is mediated through the nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR alpha), Fatty acids have recently been identified as endogenous ligands of PPAR alpha, and this receptor has been implicated in the regulation of lipid homeostasis. In the present report we characterized the induction of the hepatic CYP4A genes in rats during the altered lipid metabolism associated with starvation and diabetes. The mRNA levels of CYP4A1, CYP4A2, and CYP4A3 were induced 7-17-fold in the livers of fasted animals and 3-8-fold in the livers of diabetic animals. This was accompanied by corresponding changes in CYP4A protein levels and arachidonic and lauric acid omega-hydroxylase activity. Interestingly, feeding animals after the fasting period caused as much as an 80% suppression of CYP4A mRNA levels, whereas CYP4A protein levels and functional activity returned to control values. A second PPAR alpha-responsive gene, acyl-CoA oxidase, was also induced in rat liver by diabetes and fasting. By using PPAR alpha-deficient mice, we unambiguously demonstrated that PPAR alpha is strictly required for hepatic CYP4A induction by starvation and diabetes. Similarly, induction of hepatic thiolase and bifunctional enzyme also required expression of PPAR alpha. This represents the first evidence for the pathophysiologically induced activation of a nuclear receptor.