Early Reintubation after Cardiac Operations: Impact of Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (nCPAP) and Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation (NPPV)

Background: Due to an increasing number of comorbidities there is still a significant incidence of respiratory failure after primary postoperative extubation in patients who undergo cardiosurgery. We wanted to study whether nCPAP could improve pulmonary oxygen transfer and avoid the necessity for reintubation after cardiac surgery. Additionally, we compared this protocol to noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV). Patients and Methods: Over a period of 3 years we analyzed all patients who were extubated within 12 hours after cardiac surgery, and in whom pulmonary oxygen transfer (PaO2/FIO2) deteriorated without hypercapnia so that all these patients met predefined criteria for reintubation. There were three groups of patients: A = patients required immediate reintubation (n = 125); B = patients had nCPAP with intermittent mask CPAP (n = 264); and C = patients had NPPV (n = 36). Results: 25.8% of patients in Group B and 22.2% of patients in Group C were also intubated after a period of CPAP or NPPV. All other patients of Groups B and C could be weaned from these devices (B: 33.4 +/- 5.8 hours, C: 26.2 +/- 4.2 h; p < 0.05) and were well oxygenated using a face mask at ambient pressures (PaO2/FIO2: B: 136 +/- 12, C: 141 +/- 12). In Group A, we found a higher mortality (8.8%) than in Group B (4.2%) and Group C (5.6%). The ICU stay and in-hospital stay were significantly prolonged in Group A. The incidence of pulmonary infections (A: 24%, B: 10.6%, C: 13.8%; p < 0.05) and the need for catecholamines were significantly increased in Group A, whereas nCPAP patients suffered significantly more often from impaired sternal wound healing (A: 4.8%, B: 8.3%; p < 0.05). Conclusions: We conclude that reintubation after cardiac operations should be avoided since nCPAP and NPPV are safe and effectively improve arterial oxygenation in the majority of patients with non-hypercapnic oxygenation failure. However, it is of great importance to pay special care to sternal wound complications in these patients.