Macroporous 3D MXene architecture for solar-driven interfacial water evaporation

Interfacial water evaporation through solar heating with photothermal materials is a promising strategy for seawater desalination and wastewater purification. Tightly packed 2D membranes with high reflection losses and limited vapor escape channels result in a low evaporation rate. In this work, 3D MXene architecture was fabricated by dropping the delaminated Ti3C2 (d-Ti3C2) nanosheets onto the carbonized melamine foam (CMF) framework. Owing to the macroporous 3D architecture, more effective broadband solar absorption and vapor escaping were achieved. As a result, the 3D CMF@d-Ti3C2-based evaporator delivers a water evaporation rate of 1.60 kg/m(2).h with a solar-to-vapor conversion efficiency of up to 84.6%.