α-MSH rescues neurons from excitotoxic cell death

This study investigates the effects of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH), on neurodegeneration, gliosis and changes in the neurotrophic protein brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and in proinflammatory cytokines, following kainic acid (KA)induced excitotoxic damage in the rat. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with alpha-MSH (intraperitoneally, i.p.) at 20 min, and 24 and 48 h following administration of 10 mg/ kg KA (i.p.). The animals were sacrificed at 30 min, 4 h, 24 h and 72 h after KA-administration and the levels of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were analysed in samples of hippocampus and hypothalamus. Levels of BDNF were analysed in the hippocampus. Stercological quantification showed a markedly reduced number of viable neurons in the CA1 pyramidal cell layer upon KA-administration as compared to animals injected with vehicle (p<0.05, 79,587 +/- 25,554 vs. 145,254 +/- 27,871). The number of viable neurons upon administration of alpha-MSH was significantly higher than upon KA alone (p<0.05, 119,776 +/- 33,158, KA+alpha-MSH vs. 79,587 +/- 27,554, KA+Saline). Astrocyte activation due to the KA-induced excitotoxicity was reduced, and the KA-induced increase in 1L- 1 beta levels was delayed by the treatment with alpha-MSH. In conclusion, the degree of reduction in cell viability in the hippocampus CA1 pyramidal cell layer upon KA-induced excitotoxicity was similar to that seen previously upon global cerebral ischaemia. Furthermore, the administration of a-MSH resulted in a similar increase in cell viability, supporting the hypothesis that administration of a-MSH has rescuing effects on neurons subjected to excitotoxic insults.