A Computational Study of the Mechanisms of the Photoisomerization Reactions of Monocyclic and Bicyclic Olefins

The mechanisms of the photochemical isomerization reactions were investigated theoretically using a model system of cyclohexene (1), cycloheptene (2), norbornene (3), and two bicyclic olefins (4 and 5) using the CASSCF (six-electron/six-orbital active space) and MP2-CAS methods with the 6-311(d,p) basis set. The structures of the conical intersections, which play a decisive role in such photoisomerizations, I were obtained. The intermediates and transition structures of the ground state were also calculated to assist in providing a qualitative explanation of the reaction pathways. Two photoreaction pathways were examined in the present work. The first can produce a photoproduct with an extra ring. The other can yield a photoproduct with a smaller ring with an external double bond. Both pathways involve cyclic carbene intermediates. Also, our model investigations suggest that both reaction pathways follow a similar photochemical pattern as follows: reactant -> Franck-Condon region -> conical intersection -> cyclic carbene intermediate -> transition state -> photoproduct. Moreover, these two reaction pathways can compete with each other since the energetics of their conical intersection points are quite similar. Our present theoretical results agree with the available experimental observations.